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Housing

Access to affordable and adequate housing is a major concern in many Member States, in their cities and regions, compounded by the crises of recent years. People facing housing affordability problems are at risk of exclusion, insecurity about having to leave one’s home, being unable to afford other things due to high housing costs and having to remain in housing unsuitable for their needs. With rising living costs comes exposure to energy poverty for lower-income families who are unable to afford keeping their homes adequately warm or to meet rent or mortgage payments. At the same time, homelessness is on the rise in a large majority of Member States. 

Topic

Recent updates

Key messages

  • Housing has emerged as one of Europe’s top challenges with about 1 in 10 European households in cities being overburdened by housing and energy costs.
  • Housing unaffordability is a problem in all EU countries. Problems are concentrated in regions where jobs and services are, and among people new to the housing market. The crisis is also delaying and preventing young people from leaving the parental home.
  • More homes need to be built, but also renovated, and vacant dwellings reduced. It is also key to reduce household energy needs, to connect homes well to green infrastructure, and to enhance social protection and access to services.

Eurofound’s research

Demographic change and climate change, with the transition to a climate neutral economy, calls for Eurofound to provide policymakers with new evidence about the living conditions and social situation of different groups in society and assess their needs for housing.

Through its European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), Eurofound measures the living conditions of people in Europe by investigating a range of factors, including housing, housing cost overburden and housing deprivation. The data on housing include information on tenancy type, and dwelling inadequacies including energy poverty and housing insecurity.

The EQLS investigates the social implications of climate neutrality in terms of acceptance and adoption of sustainable behaviour as well as its impact on the cost of living, housing and energy poverty. New research monitors the possible social impact of the green transition on the cost of living, housing and transport. The next edition of the EQLS commences in 2026.

Eurofound research provides evidence on dynamics and trends of inequalities in Europe among various sociodemographic groups and analyses the uneven impact of cost of living and housing. It also analyses housing problems in the EU and the policies that aim to address them. In particular, as renting has become more prevalent among Europe’s youth, the living conditions of young people and their access to housing is an important part of the research agenda. 

Key outputs

Happy dad, excited kid play in cardboard boxes in new house © Davids C/peopleimages.com/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective access to adequate housing for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

Web page
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Unaffordable housing is a matter of great concern in the EU. It leads to homelessness, housing insecurity, financial strain and inadequate housing. It also prevents young people from leaving their...

30 mai 2023
Publication
Research report

EU context

Eurofound’s research on the cost of living, housing conditions, public services and vulnerable groups will support the work of EU policymakers in the monitoring and implementation of the principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Pillar aims to promote social protection and inclusion, which includes a drive to end homelessness and address issues around access to affordable quality housing, particularly for persons with disabilities and low-income families faced with energy poverty. In 2025, the European Commission plans to launch a revised Action Plan with initiatives to implement the Pillar. 

Taking up a second mandate in December 2024, the Commission President von der Leyen has outlined ambitious proposals for 2024–2029 to tackle the housing crisis. These include the appointment of the first Commission member whose responsibilities include housing, as well as the first-ever European Affordable Housing Plan and a pan-European investment platform for affordable and sustainable housing.

Reducing energy costs for households is also an important part of the goals set out in the European Green Deal. In 2021, the European Commission launched the Affordable Housing Initiative as part of the Renovation Wave Strategy, which aims to renovate 35 million buildings by 2030. The Social Climate Fund rollout in the Member States will support resource-efficient renovations and energy-efficient housing.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Marie Hyland joined Eurofound as a research officer in the Social Policies unit in 2023. Prior to this, Marie spent several years as an economist at the World Bank, where she...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (20)

Stuttgart has about 600,000 inhabitants, almost a quarter of whom are foreigners and 40% have a migration background. In this prosperous city, the integration of migrants has primarily taken place through structural integration into the labour market. The city included migrants in the general welfar

29 September 2009

As early as the 1960s, due to its industrial facilities, Frankfurt became one of the first main destinations for guest workers. Today, almost 161,000 foreigners from 130 countries live in Frankfurt, accounting for one quarter of the city’s population. Frankfurt’s housing market, particularly in the

29 September 2009

Migrant integration in Arnsberg has primarily taken place by opening up the core institutions, such as the education system and the labour market, to migrants and by including migrants in the national welfare system. With regard to the housing market, this means that non-Germans have the same legal

29 September 2009

Antwerp is the largest city in Flanders, with 470,044 inhabitants in 2006. Some 13% of the city’s population consists of foreigners, of whom 8% are non-EU nationals. Antwerp’s municipal housing policy aims to sustain and even increase the diversity within the city. This diversity pertains not so muc

29 September 2009

Le logement, un problème central qui affecte la qualité de la vie en général, est un aspect essentiel du processus d’intégration. Les villes et les autorités locales ont un rôle essentiel à jouer, non seulement dans la mise en oeuvre de politiques d’intégration, mais également dans le développement

08 April 2008

Housing is a fundamental issue that affects the quality of life of citizens as well as being an important indicator of the degree of integration. Successful housing policies play an important role in shaping social policymaking at the local level, affecting the future integration of migrants and the

19 December 2007

This report explores the issue of urban–rural differences in Europe according to a number of quality of life domains, namely: income and deprivation; housing; employment and education; work–life balance; access to work, school, family, friends and services; and subjective well-being.

18 December 2006

This report explores quality of life in the context of housing conditions. It reveals important differences in housing conditions across European countries, in particular, the basic divide running between the ‘old’ EU15 Member States and the 10 new Member States, along with Bulgaria, Romania and Tur

03 August 2006

The report, on which this summary is based, explores quality of life in the context of housing conditions. It reveals significant differences in housing conditions across European countries, in particular, the basic divide running between the ‘old’ EU15 Member States and the 10 new Member States (NM

12 July 2006

In 2003, the Foundation carried out a European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) in 28 countries. This survey examined issues such as education, household and family structures, housing, health care and employment. It provides a wide-ranging, up-to-date snapshot of quality of life and living conditions

28 September 2004

Online resources results (5)

Quality of life in the EU in 2024: Results from the Living and Working in the EU e-survey

Eurofound’s e-survey captures the situation of European respondents and their post-pandemic concerns. Explore our digital factsheet outlining the most recent data on the main challenges faced by Europeans in 2024.

In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Senior Research Manager Hans Dubois about the latest developments in housing and housing policy in Europe. This, the second episode of the series looking specifically at housing, discusses the role of the incoming Commission,

13 novembre 2024

In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Daniel Molinuevo about the European Child Guarantee, how bad the situation is with regard to child poverty and social exclusion in Europe, what Member States have committed to doing about it, what the implicatio

1 mai 2024

In this episode Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Senior Research Manager Hans Dubois on the issues that feed into housing insecurity in Europe, and the actions that need to be taken to address them. Together, they analyse findings from Eurofound’s recent Unaffordable and inadequate housing in Eu

15 juin 2023

Households in debt: one outcome of the crisis

A desire to preserve tradition and usual practice means that owning a house is viewed as a necessity in Hungary. People are very unwilling to let or rent their homes and the relevant legislation is not sufficiently developed. Government initiatives tend to deal more with the acquisition or buildi

Blogs results (2)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 mai 2024
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Spiralling housing costs are causing despair across the EU. The situation is making people anxious that they will lose their accommodation or become homeless; they may become overburdened financially or forced to live in substandard accommodation; and many young people are unable to leave home. Whil

4 avril 2023
Upcoming publications results (2)

Europe is faced with a housing crisis that affects people of all ages, however younger people are disproportionately impacted. Many young adults are unable to afford their own home, often having to remain living in their parental home. This crisis has wide-reaching consequences, influencing opportun

December 2025
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report
Data results (20)

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